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<dc:title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Russia’s “Shadow Fleet” on Course to Circumvent Western Sanctions]]></dc:title>
<dc:title xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[Russia’s “Shadow Fleet” on Course to Circumvent Western Sanctions]]></dc:title>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Pastucha, Tymon.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Russia]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Sanctions]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Merchant navy]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Maritime security]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Petroleum]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Export]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[Rosja]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[sankcje]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[flota cieni]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[bezpieczeństwo morskie]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[obchodzenie sankcji]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[ropa naftowa]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[eksport]]></dc:subject>
<dc:description xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Warsaw]]></dc:description>
<dc:description xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A group of vintage vessels illegally transporting oil, known as the “shadow fleet”, enables Russia to circumvent Western sanctions, particularly the price cap mechanism. It allows it to maintain high revenues for the Russian budget and finance the expansion of the armed forces, undermining the sense of the restrictions. At the same time, it threatens maritime and environmental security. The way to limit the expansion of the “shadow fleet” is by better identifying its activities, enforcing the restrictions adopted and lowering the price cap.]]></dc:description>
<dc:description xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[Warsaw]]></dc:description>
<dc:description xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[A group of vintage vessels illegally transporting oil, known as the “shadow fleet”, enables Russia to circumvent Western sanctions, particularly the price cap mechanism. It allows it to maintain high revenues for the Russian budget and finance the expansion of the armed forces, undermining the sense of the restrictions. At the same time, it threatens maritime and environmental security. The way to limit the expansion of the “shadow fleet” is by better identifying its activities, enforcing the restrictions adopted and lowering the price cap.]]></dc:description>
<dc:publisher><![CDATA[The Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM)]]></dc:publisher>
<dc:date><![CDATA[2024.03.29]]></dc:date>
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<dc:format xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[525 KB]]></dc:format>
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<dc:identifier><![CDATA[http://digit.pism.pl/Content/4678/PISM%20Bulletin%20no%2049%20(2357)%2029%20March%202024.pdf]]></dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier><![CDATA[https://digit.pism.pl/dlibra/publication/4859/edition/4678/content]]></dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier><![CDATA[oai:digit.pism.pl:4678]]></dc:identifier>
<dc:source xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[PISM Bulletin no. 49 (2357), 2024]]></dc:source>
<dc:source xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Library of the Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM)]]></dc:source>
<dc:source xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[PISM Bulletin no. 49 (2357), 2024]]></dc:source>
<dc:source xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[Library of the Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM)]]></dc:source>
<dc:language><![CDATA[eng]]></dc:language>
<dc:relation><![CDATA[Biuletyn PISM nr 49 (2859), 2024]]></dc:relation>
<dc:relation><![CDATA[oai:digit.pism.pl:publication:4859]]></dc:relation>
<dc:rights xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM)]]></dc:rights>
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